CLASSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY COURSE BY LANAKI 20 MARCH 1997 Revision 3 COPYRIGHT 1997 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANNOTATED CRYPTOGRAPHIC RESOURCES AND REFERENCES ----------- Notes: o Some cipher families are referenced as a group (ex. [TRAN] for Transposition Ciphers: Columnar, Incomplete Columnar, Tramp, Skipping Tramp, etc.) o The Cryptogram, is the bimonthly publication of the American Cryptogram Association. These references are both scholarly and cipher specific. I have updated them through 1996. They are available through the ACA Treasurer at the address in the front of this book or Volume I of my course. o Cryptographic resources presented explore all phases of involvement with cryptography: cryptanalysis, history, legal, social, classical, modern, NSA, mathematical techniques, recreational, intelligence, tactical, strategic, nuclear, National Defense, INFOSEC: Offensive and Defensive, Hardware, and Software. Enjoy. o Public - Key Cryptography references have additional annotations and may have some overlap with reference [NIST90], Lecture 19 on Law and Lectures 20 - 25 on modern issues surrounding cryptography. These references represent state-of the-art 1990 -1993. o About 100 web links to cryptographic sources have been added under the section Web Sources. A wealth of information on all levels is available. o Pertinent cases involving cryptographic issues are cited by primary court. o Senate and House bills are referenced by year and number, if appropriate. ---------- [3627] H. R. 3627, "A Bill to Amend the Export Administration Act of 1979 with respect to the control of computer and related equipment," 1993. [ABRA] Abrams, F., 1993, Big Brother's Here and --Alas -- We Embrace Him, New York Times Magazine, March 21, 1993, pp. 36-37. [ABA ] American Bankers Association, 1979, Management and Use of Personal Identification Numbers, ABA Bank Card Statement, ABA, Catalog No. 207213, 1979. [ACA] ACA and You, "Handbook For Members of the American Cryptogram Association," ACA publications, 1995. [ACA1] Anonymous, "The ACA and You - Handbook For Secure Communications", American Cryptogram Association, 1994. [ACME] "ACME Complete Seven Figure Code", Acme Code Co., 507 West 33 rd St., NYC, NY. No 6015, 1 January 1934. [ACLU] Statement of the American Civil Liberties Union in "Cryptographic Issue Statements Submitted to the Computer System Security and Privacy Advisory Board," by NIST, 27 May 1993, pp. 195-199. [ACM] Association For Computing Machinery, "Codes, Keys and Conflicts: Issues in U.S. Crypto Policy," Report of a Special Panel of ACM U. S. Public Policy Committee (USACM), June 1994. [AD79] L. Adleman, "A subexponential algorithm for the discrete logarithm problem with applications to Cryptography," in 20th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, San Juan, Puerto Rico, October 29-31, 1979, pp. 55-60. Silver Spring, MD: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1979. [AD82] L. M. Adleman, "On breaking the iterated Merkle- Hellman public-key cryptosystems," in D. Chaum, R. L. Rivest, and A. T. Sherman, Eds., Advances in Cryptology: proceedings of CRYPTO 82, a Workshop on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, Santa Barbara, CA, August 23-25, 1982, pp. 303-308. New York: Plenum Press, 1983. [AD86] L. M. Adleman and K. S. McCurley, "Open problems in number theoretic complexity," in D. S. Johnson, T. Nishizeki, A. Nozaki, and H. S. Wilf, Eds., Discrete Algorithms and Complexity, proceedings of the Japan-US Joint Seminar, Kyoto, Japan, June 4- 6, 1986, pp. 237-262. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1987. [AD83] L. M. Adleman, C. Pomerance, and R. S. Rumely, "On distinguishing prime numbers from composite numbers," Annals of Mathematics, Vol. 117, 1983, pp. 173-206. [ADFG] ASTROLABE, "ADFGVX Cipher - The German Field Cipher of 1918," AS53, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1953. [AFM] - 100-80, Traffic Analysis, Department of the Air Force, 1946. [AK83] S. G. Akl, "Digital signatures: a tutorial survey," Computer, Vol. 16, No. 2, February 1983, pp. 15-24. [AK84] S. G. Akl and H. Meijer, "A fast pseudo random permutation generator with applications to cryptology," in G. R. Blakley and D. Chaum, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 196: Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of CRYPTO 84, a Workshop on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, Santa Barbara, CA, August 19-22, 1984, pp. 269-275. Berlin/New York: Springer- Verlag, 1985. [ALAN] Turing, Alan, "The Enigma", by A. Hodges. Simon and Schuster, 1983. [ALBA] Alberti, "Treatise De Cifris," Meister Papstlichen, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1963. [ALEX] Alexander, D. A., "Secret codes and Decoding," Padell Book Co., New York, 1945. [ALGE] MINIMAX, "Introduction To Algebraic Cryptography," FM51, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1951. [ALKA] al-Kadi, Ibrahim A., Origins of Cryptology: The Arab Contributions, Cryptologia, Vol XVI, No. 2, April 1992, pp. 97-127. [ALP1] PICCOLA, "Lining Up the Alphabets," AM37, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1937. [ALP2] PICCOLA, "Recovering a Primary Number Alphabet," JJ37, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1937. [ALP3] CLEAR SKIES, "Method For Recovering Alphabets," AM46, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1946. [ALP4] PICCOLA, "Lining Up the Alphabets," AM37, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1937. [ALP5] MACHIAVELLI,"Recovery of Incomplete Cipher Alphabets," SO78, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1978. [ALP6] BOZO,"Recovery of Primary Alphabets I," JJ35, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1935. [ALP7] BOZO,"Recovery of Primary Alphabets II," AS35, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1935. [ALP8] ZYZZ,"Sinkov - Frequency-Matching," JA93, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1993. [AMS1] RED E RASER,"AMSCO," ON51, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1951. [AMS2] PHOENIX,"Computer Column: Amsco Encipherment," SO84, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1984. [AMS3] PHOENIX,"Computer Column: Amsco Decipherment," MA85, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1985. [AMS4] PHOENIX,"Computer Column: Amsco Decipherment," MJ85, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1985. [AMS5] PHOENIX,"Computer Column: Amsco Decipherment," JA85, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1985. [AMS6] GUNG HO,"Solving the Amsco," MJ92, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1992. [AN85] American National Standard X9.17-1985, Financial Institution Key Management (Wholesale), American Bankers Association, Washington, DC, 1985. [AN87] M. Annaratone, E. Arnould, T. Gross, H. T. Kung, M. Lam, O. Menzilcioglu, and J. A. Webb, "The Warp computer: architecture, implementation and performance," IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. C-36, No. 12, December 1987, pp. 1523-1538. [ANDE] D. Andelman, J. Reeds, On the cryptanalysis of rotor and substitution-permutation networks. IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, 28(4), 578--584, 1982. [ANDR] Andrew, Christopher, "For The President's Eyes Only," Harper Collins, New York, 1995. [ANGL] D. Angluin, D. Lichtenstein, Provable Security in Crypto-systems: a survey. Yale University, Department of Computer Science, #288, 1983. [AND1] Andree, Josephine, "Chips from the Math Log," Mu Alpha Theta, 1966. [AND2] Andree, Josephine, "More Chips from the Math Log," Mu Alpha Theta, 1970. [AND3] Andree, Josephine, "Lines from the O.U. Mathematics Letter," Vols. I,II,III, Mu Alpha Theta, 1971, 1971, 1971. [AND4] Andree, Josephine and Richard V., "RAJA Books: a Puzzle Potpourri," RAJA, 1976. [AND5] Andree, Josephine and Richard V., "Preliminary Instructors Manual for Solving Ciphers," Project CRYPTO, Univ of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1977. [AND6] Andree, Josephine and Richard V., "Teachers Handbook For Problem Solving and Logical Thinking," Project CRYPTO, Univ of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1979. [AND7] Andree, Josephine and Richard V., "Preliminary Instructors Manual for Cryptarithms," Project CRYPTO, Univ of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1976. [AND8] Andree, Josephine and Richard V., "Sophisticated Ciphers: Problem Solving and Logical Thinking," Project CRYPTO, Univ of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1978. [AND9] Andree, Josephine and Richard V., "Logic Unlocs Puzzles," Project CRYPTO, Univ of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1979. [ANDR] Andrew, Christopher, 'Secret Service', Heinemann, London 1985. [ANFI] "American National Standard for Financial Institution Key Management (Wholesale)," ANSI X9.17, Washington Publishing Company, P.O. Box 203, Chardon, OH 44024-0203, telephone (800) 334- 4912. [ANK1] Andreassen, Karl, "Cryptology and the Personal Computer, with Programming in Basic," Aegean Park Press, 1986. [ANK2] Andreassen, Karl, "Computer Cryptology, Beyond Decoder Rings," Prentice-Hall 1988. [ANNA] Anonymous., "The History of the International Code.", Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, 1934. [ANN1] Anonymous., " Speech and Facsimile Scrambling and Decoding," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1981. [AO93] Administrative Office of the United States Courts, 1993, Report on Applications for Orders Authorizing or Approving the Interception of Wire, Oral, or Electronic Communications (Wiretap Report) 1993. [ARI1] OZ,"The Construction of Medium - Difficulty Aristocrats," MA92, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1992. [ARI2] HELCRYPT,"Use of Consonant Sequences for Aristocrats," ON51, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1951. [ARI3] HELCRYPT,"Use of Tri-Vowel Sequences for Aristocrats," JJ52, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1952. [ARI4] AB STRUSE, "Equifrequency Crypts," JF74, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1974. [ARI5] HOMO SAPIENS,"End-letter Count for Aristocrats," FM45, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1945. [ARI6] S-Tuck, "Aristocrat Affixes," ON45, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1945. [ARNE] Arnell, A. (1990). "Handbook of Effective Disaster Recovery Planning: A Seminar Workshop Approach". McGraw-Hill (New York). ISBN 0-07- 002394-8. xxix + 333. Index. [ASA ] "The Origin and Development of the Army Security Agency 1917 -1947," Aegean Park Press, 1978. Collections 190/37/7/1, Box 799, F: 2292, pp 468. [ASA1] Army Security Agency (1948) Historical and Cryptologic Summary of Cryptosystems; ASAG 23; Vol 1. [ASSA] Army Signal Security Agency (1946) History Of Converter M-134-C (Sigaba) Vol I, II And III: available from the US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); NSA Historical [ASHT] Ashton, Christina, "Codes and Ciphers: Hundreds of Unusual and Secret Ways to Send Messages," Betterway Books, 1988. [ASIR] Anonymous, Enigma and Other Machines, Air Scientific Institute Report, 1976. [ATKI] Atkins, Derek, et. al., "Internet Security: Professional Reference," New Riders, Indianapolis, 1996. [AUG1] D. A. August, "Cryptography and Exploitation of Chinese Manual Cryptosystems - Part I:The Encoding Problem", Cryptologia, Vol XIII, No. 4, October 1989. [AUG2] D. A. August, "Cryptography and Exploitation of Chinese Manual Cryptosystems - Part II:The Encrypting Problem", Cryptologia, Vol XIV, No. 1, August 1990. [AUT1] PICCOLA,"Autokey Encipherment,"DJ36, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1936. [AUT2] PICCOLA,"More about Autokeys,"FM37, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1937. [AUT3] ISKANDER,"Converting an Autokey to a Periodic," "JJ50, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1950. [AUT4] UBET,"Auto-Transposition Cipher," SO62, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1962. [AUT5] BARGE,"Decrypting the Auto-Transposition Cipher," ND63, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1963. [Ban ] Banisar, D., 1993, Statistical Analysis of Electronic Surveillance, presentation at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Computer System Security and Privacy Advisory Board, June 3, 1993. [BA82] S. K. Banerjee, "High speed implementation of DES," Computers & Security, Vol. 1, No. 3, November 1982, pp. 261-267. [BA63] T. C. Bartee and D. I. Schneider, "Computation with Finite Fields," Information and Control, Vol. 6, 1963, pp. 79-98. [BA80] K. E. Batcher, "Design of a massively parallel processor," IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. C-29, No. 9, September 1980, pp. 836-840. [BAC1] SHMOO,"Quicker Baconian Solutions," ND80, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1980. [BAC2] XERXES,"Sir Francis Bacon Cipher," AS36, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1936. [BAC3] AB STRUSE,"Solving a Baconian," JJ48, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1948. [BAC4] B.NATURAL,"Tri-Bac Cipher," JA69, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1969. [BAC5] Anonymous, "Numerical Baconian," JF62, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1962. [BAC6] FIDDLE,"Extended Baconian," SO69, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1969. [BADE] Badeau, J. S. et. al., The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance. Second Edition. Cambridge: MIT Press. 1983. [BAMF] Bamford, James, "The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency," Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1982. [BANI] Banisar, Dave. CPSR Alert. 13 Jan.1994: n.p. USENET: comp.society.privacy. [BARL] Barlow, John Perry. "Bill O' Rights." Mondo 2000. January, 1994:17-19. [BARB] Barber, F. J. W., "Archaeological Decipherment: A Handbook," Princeton University Press, 1974. [B201] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of The Simple Substitution Cipher with Word Divisions," Course #201, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1982. [BALL] Ball, W. W. R., Mathematical Recreations and Essays, London, 1928. [BAR1] Barker, Wayne G., "Course No 201, Cryptanalysis of The Simple Substitution Cipher with Word Divisions," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1975. [BAR2] Barker, W., ed., History of Codes and Ciphers in the U.S. During the Period between World Wars, Part II, 1930 - 1939., Aegean Park Press, 1990. [BAR3] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of the Hagelin Cryptograph, Aegean Park Press, 1977. [BAR4] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of the Enciphered Code Problem - Where Additive Method of Encipherment Has Been Used," Aegean Park Press, 1979. [BAR5] Barker, W., ed., History of Codes and Ciphers in the U.S. Prior To World War I," Aegean Park Press, 1978. [BAR6] Barker, W., " Cryptanalysis of Shift-Register Generated Stream Cipher Systems," Aegean Park Press, 1984. [BAR7] Barker, W., ed., History of Codes and Ciphers in the U.S. During the Period between World Wars, Part I, 1919-1929, Aegean Park Press, 1979. [BAR8] Barker, W., ed., History of Codes and Ciphers in the U.S. During World War I, Aegean Park Press, 1979. [BARK] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of The Simple Substitution Cipher with Word Divisions," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1973. [BARK2] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of The Double Transposition Cipher," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1995. [BARR] Barron, John, '"KGB: The Secret Work Of Soviet Agents," Bantom Books, New York, 1981. [BATE] Bates, R. J., Jr (1992). "Disaster Recovery Planning: Networks, Telecommunications, and Data Communications". McGraw-Hill (New York). ISBN 0- 07-004128-8. 156 + xv. Index, glossary. [BAT1] Bates, R. J., Jr (1994). "Disaster Recovery for LANs: A Planning and Action Guide". McGraw-Hill (New York). ISBN 0-07-004194-6. x + 254. Index. [BAUD] Baudouin, Captain Roger, "Elements de Cryptographie," Paris, 1939. [BAZE] Bazeries, M. le Capitaine, " Cryptograph a 20 rondelles-alphabets," Compte rendu de la 20e session de l' Association Francaise pour l'Advancement des Scienses, Paris: Au secretariat de l' Association, 1892. [BAZ1] Bazeries, les chiffrees secrets devoiles, Paris, 1901. [BAZ1] OZ,"Bazeries Cipher," MA59, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1959. [BAZ2] ALII KIONA,"Bazeries Cipher," F35, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1935. [BAZ3] ZANAC,"A Poker Player's Method to Solve Bazeries Ciphers," JF82, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1982. [BAZ4] HI-FI,"Bazeries Ciphers Revisited," SO64, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1964. [BAZ5] MACHIAVELLI,"Bazeries Cipher - Dutch," ND71, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [BAZ6] MACHIAVELLI,"Bazeries Cipher - English," JF71, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [BAZ7] MACHIAVELLI,"Bazeries Cipher - French," JF71, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [BAZ8] MACHIAVELLI,"Bazeries Cipher - German," MA71, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [BAZ9] MACHIAVELLI,"Bazeries Cipher - Italian," JA71, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [BAZA] MACHIAVELLI,"Bazeries Cipher - Portuguese," SO71, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [BAZB] MACHIAVELLI,"Bazeries Cipher - Spanish," MJ71, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [BAZC] MACHIAVELLI,"Bazeries Cipher - Unknown Language," MJ72, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1972. [BAZD] HANO,"Bazeries Cipher - Swedish," JA81, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1981. [BAZE] D. STRASSE,"Bazeries Cipher - Esperanto," SO74, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1974. [BAZ5] MACHIAVELLI, "Equivalents of 'e' in the Bazeries Cipher" SO72, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1972. [BDKM] Brickell, E., Denning, D., Kent, S., Maher, D. and Tuchman, W., 1993,``SKIPJACK Review: Interim Report, The SKIPJACK Algorithm,'' July 28, 1993, available electronically from cpsr.org. [BEA1] S-TUCK, "Beaufort Auto-key," JJ46, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1946. [BEA2] PICCOLA, "Beaufort Ciphers," JJ36, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1936. [BEA3] LEDGE, "Beaufort Fundamentals (Novice Notes)," ND71, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [BEA4] SI SI, "Comparative Analysis of the Vigenere, Beaufort and Variant Ciphers," JA80, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1980. [BEA5] O'PSHAW, "Porta, A special Case of Beaufort," MA91, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1991. [BECK] Becket, Henry, S. A., "The Dictionary of Espionage: Spookspeak into English," Stein and Day, 1986. [BEKE] H. Beker, F. Piper, Cipher Systems. Wiley, 1982. [BEES] Beesley, P., "Very Special Intelligence", Doubleday, New York, 1977. [BELL] Bell, E. T., Men of Mathematics, New York: Simon and Shuster, 1937. [BENN] Bennett, William, R. Jr., "Introduction to Computer Applications for Non-Science Students," Prentice-Hall, 1976. (Interesting section on monkeys and historical cryptography) [BEN1] John Bennett, Analysis of the Encryption Algorithm Used in the WordPerfect Word Processing Program. Cryptologia 11(4), 206--210, 1987. [BERG] H. A. Bergen and W. J. Caelli, File Security in WordPerfect 5.0. Cryptologia 15(1), 57--66, January 1991. [BERN] Bernstein, T., A. B. Bhimani, E. Schultz, & C. A. Siegel (1996). "Internet Security for Business". John Wiley & Sons (New York). ISBN 0-471-13752- 9. xii + 452. Index. [BERN] Berners-Lee, T. "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)", draft-ieft-iiir-html-01, June 1993. (expired working draft) [BERY] BERYL,"The Turning Grille," ND92, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1992. [BER1] BERYL,"The Diagrafid Cipher - Part II," ND93, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1993. [BETH] T. Beth, Algorithm engineering for public key algorithms. IEEE Selected Areas of Communication, 1(4), 458--466, 1990. [BFS] Beth, T., Frisch, M. and Simmons, G. (Eds.), 1992, Public Key Cryptography: State of the Art and Future Directions, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, No. 578, Springer-Verlag, 1992. [BIF1] ESP, "4-Square Method for C. M. Bifid," SO92, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1992. [BIF2] GALUPOLY, "6X6 Bifid," JA62, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1962. [BIF3] DR. CRYPTOGRAM, "Bifid and Trifid Cryptography," MJ59, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1959. [BIF4] TONTO, "Bifid Cipher," JJ45, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1945. [BIF5] GOTKY, "Bifid Cipher with Literal Indices Only," FM47, AM47, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1947. [BIF6] SAI CHESS, "Bifid-ian Timesaver," ON48, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1948. [BIF7] LABRONICUS, "Bifid Period by Pattern," ND89, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1989. [BIF8] TONTO, "Bifid recoveries," ON50, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1950. [BIF9] GIZMO, "Bifid Period Determination Using a Digraphic Index of Coincidence," JF79, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1979. [BIFA] GALUPOLY, "Bifid with Conjugated Matrices," JF60, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1960. [BIFB] XAMAN EK, "Bifid Workshop, Part 1 - Encoding a Bifid," MA93, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1993. [BIFC] XAMAN EK, "Bifid Workshop, Part 2 - Problem Setup," MJ93, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1993. [BIFD] XAMAN EK, "Bifid Workshop, Part 3 - Tip Placement," JA93, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1993. [BIFE] XAMAN EK, "Bifid Workshop, Part 4 - Solving a Bifid," SO93, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1993. [BIFF] DUBIOUS and GALUPOLY, " Chi-Square Test for Bifids," JA60, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1960. [BIFG] FIDDLE, "C. M. Bifid, Simplified Solution," MJ73, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1973. [BIFH] ZYZZ, "Conjugated Matrix Bifid, Modified Solving Technique," SO92, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1992. [BIFI] X.GOTKY, "Delastelle Bifid Cipher," AS45, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1945. [BIFJ] D.MORGAN, "Finding the Period in a Bifid," JJ46, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1946. [BIFK] S-TUCK, "Finding the Period in a Bifid," AM46, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1946. [BIFL] S-TUCK, "Finding the Period in Bifids," ON44, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1944. [BIFM] ROGUE, "General Probabilities of Part Naturals in Bifid, Trifid" JA70, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1970. [BIFN] B.NATURAL, "In Line Bifid Method," MA62, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1962. [BIFO] ABC, "Short Cut in a Bifid," SO61, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1961. [BIFP] ROGUE, "Specific Probabilities of Part Naturals in Bifid, Trifid" SO70, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1970. [BIFQ] ROGUE, "Split Half Method For Finding A Period of Bifid," MA71, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [BIFR] ABC, "Twin Bifids - A Probable Word Method," JA62, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1962. [BIFS] GALUPOLY, "Twin Bifids," MJ60, JA60, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1960. [BIGR] PICCOLA, "Use of Bigram Tests" AS38, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1938. [BIGE] Bigelow, Robert P., Legal Issues in Computer Security 1995 by Robert P. Bigelow. [BIHS] E. Biham and A. Shamir, Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like cryptosystems. Journal of Cryptology, vol. 4, #1, 3--72, 1991. [BiSh] Biham, E. and Shamir, A., 1993, Differential Cryptanalysis of the Data Encryption Standard, Springer-Verlag 1993. [BISH] E. Biham, A. Shamir, Differential cryptanalysis of Snefru, Khafre, REDOC-II, LOKI and LUCIFER. In Proceedings of CRYPTO '91, ed. by J. Feigenbaum, 156--171, 1992. [BL84] I. F. Blake, R. Fuji-Hara, R. C. Mullin, and S. A. 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[NA81] National Bureau of Standards, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 74: Guidelines for Implementing and Using the NBS Data Encryption Standard, April 1, 1981. [NBS] National Bureau of Standards, "Data Encryption Standard," FIPS PUB 46-1, 1987. [NBS] National Bureau of Standards, 1977, Data Encryption Standard, Federal Information Processing Standard 46, January 1977, Washington, DC. [NCSS] National Computer Security Center (1983-). "Rainbow Series" (so-called). Monographs on many aspects of information systems security. For an excellent summary of the series and its topics, see Appendix E of Russell & Gangemi (below), p. 359 ff. [NE78] R. M. Needham and M. D. Schroeder, "Using encryption for authentication in large networks of computers," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 21, No. 12, December 1978, pp. 993-999. [Neu ] Neumann, P., 1994 , Computer-Related Risks, ACM Press (Addison-Wesley), 1994. [NIXX] National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991, Publication XX: Announcement and Specifications for a Digital Signature Standard (DSS), August 19, 1991, Washington, DC. [N185] National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 185, Escrowed Encryption Standard}, February 9, 1994, Washington, DC. [N186] National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 186: Digital Signature Standard (DSS), May 19, 1994, Washington, DC. [NI94] National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994, Approval of Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 185, Escrowed Encryption Standard, Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 27, February 9, 1994, Washington, DC. [NISA] National Institute of Standards and Technology and National Security Agency, 1989, Memorandum of Understanding between the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Director of the National Security Agency concerning the Implementation of Public Law 100- 235, March 24, 1989, Washington, DC. [NIBL] Niblack, A. P., "Proposed Day, Night and Fog Signals for the Navy with Brief Description of the Ardois Hight System," In Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute, 1891. [NICO] PHOENIX, "Nicodemus," ND88, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1988. [NICa] BERYL, "How to Finish Deciphering a Nicodemus," SO92, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1992. [NICb] S-TUCK, "Decrypting the Nicodemus," AM52, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1952. [NICc] FIDDLE, "Method for Solving the Nicodemus," JF60, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1960. [NICd] DELEC, "Nicodemus Cipher," AS49, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1949. [NICe] LEDGE, "Nicodemus Cipher," SO72, The Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1972. [NICH] Nichols, Randall K., " Classical Cryptography Course, Volume I," Aegean Park Press (C-74), ISBN: 0-89412-263-0, Softbound, 8.38 x 10.75 in, xii + 301 pp. Mr. Nichols (aka LANAKI) is the outgoing President of the American Cryptogram Association (ACA). In his truly great book, he covers the following: Volume I covers such diverse topics as Aristocrats (the king of puzzles found in the daily paper), Patristocrat (single language Aristocrats without word divisions), Xenocrypts (language ciphers other than English), Transposition ciphers, Military Ciphers, Cryptarithms, Polyalphabetics, Cipher Machines such as the ENIGMA (with simulation disk available) and special ciphers used in history, as well as their modern day equivalents. Ciphers and cryptanalytic techniques for solution are presented. [NIC~] Nichols, Randall K., " Classical Cryptography Course, Volume II," Aegean Park Press (C-76), ISBN: 0-89412-264-9, Softbound, 8.38 x 10.75 in, xii + 400 pp. 1996, $40.00. Volume II presents Lectures 11 - 20 (of a total of twenty five) from Mr. Nichols' extremely successful course in Classical Cryptography taught in 1995 and 1996 to 358 students via the Internet and regular mail. Volume II covers polyalphabetic substi